نشریه مطالعات تاریخی جهان اسلام
پیاپی 25 (بهار 1402)

With the confrontation of Qajar-era Iran with the West and awareness of their growth, the need to know the new civilization became apparent. Although Iranians were in direct contact with the West, many of these experiences were transmitted through intermediary routes, including the Ottoman Empire, and especially in the intellectual atmosphere of Istanbul. One of the ways to know the West is the influence of Akhtar and Soroush newspapers in Istanbul, before and after the constitutional revolution, by using translation. Therefore, the question arises, what effect did the translation of Istanbul's intellectual-political developments in these newspapers have on their critical discourse? This research tries to answer this question based on the descriptive-analytical method based on the collection of library information and access to the archives of these newspapers. The findings of the research show that Akhtar and Soroush newspapers were influenced by the Ottoman intellectual atmosphere and the translation of political news and articles in these newspapers had a profound effect on their critical discourse. In addition, it was found that the translators and writers of these newspapers helped to transfer modernity and critical thinking to Qajar period Iran. As a result, the critical discourse, passing through the Ottoman Empire and being influenced by it, found a special manifestation that was more compatible with the Eastern and Islamic-Iranian culture.

Considering the prominent position of Yazd in Iranian and Islamic civilization, the present study tries to determine how much was the role and position of Jewish religious minorities, especially in Yazd during the Pahlavi era, in this process. In this research, the method of descriptive-analytical work and collection of library materials and examination of documents has been done in the Pahlavi period in the context of the interaction of the people of Yazd in various commercial-economic, cultural-social, religious fields with the Jews. The importance of economy and trade in the lives of Jews, staying in the cities of the trade route, the attention of Jews to the material added value in the housing in the commercial centers of Yazd and around the Grand Mosque of Yazd has been influential. Although no news or historical analysis has been found on this issue, the prejudice and harsh treatment of the clerics against them has been the reason for the fleeing of Jews from one region to another. There have been numerous interactions and confrontations between Shia Muslim and Jewish groups in Yazd, and despite this, the largest peaceful relations and interfaith interactions have taken place in Yazd. Apart from a few sources that are in the form of pamphlets or scattered materials, such as the study of religious minorities in the Qajar period (1175-1304 A.H.) or information booklets, etc., no comprehensive material has been authored.

Social classes play a major role in different areas of every society's life. The way of interaction and the real position of each can help the progress and excellence of that society or, on the contrary, cause a number of anomalies and instability in the fields of culture, politics, economy, etc. The presence of social classes and their special characteristics in Islamic societies is an undeniable fact that although according to religious teachings, one person is not privileged over another except for piety, but these classes have helped the development and progress of the glorious Islamic civilization and in some cases Periods have brought the society to the border of instability and chaos. Social classes have existed in every period of Iran's history, and this has also been manifested in the period of Al-Buye. Al Boyeh's need for employees and encouraging them to work and craft, and honoring scholars and scientists and their use of slaves, caused that every city from different classes, such as the class of artisans, the class of employees, the class of merchants, the class of jurists, The class of soldiers, the class of scientists, and the class of slaves were formed with the specific indicators of that era. Based on what was said; The central question of the current research is what characteristics did the social classes have in the era of Al Boyeh? The proposed hypothesis is that the social classes of this era have not changed in structure compared to previous periods, but they have had serious differences in political and social behavior. The current research is explained using historical sources and descriptive-analytical method.

Egypt's economy during the Mamluk era (923-784) was based on trade. The privileged geographical position made this country a bridge between the East and the West of the world; But the arrival of the Portuguese to India after passing through the Cape of Good Hope, and as a result, their direct access to eastern goods and the loss of Egypt's intermediary role in the transfer of goods between East and West, deprived this country of rich commercial income and It became the most important cause of the weakness and decline of its economy. The current research, which is written in a descriptive-analytical way, aims to answer the question of what effect the discovery of the Cape of Good Hope and the access of Europeans to the East through a new way had on the economy of Mamluk era Egypt. The findings indicate that the access of Europeans to eastern goods from the new route was one of the most important factors of the economic crisis in Egypt and the acceleration of the fall of the Mamluks.

Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization program and instrumental use of extremist groups in the Afghanistan war in the late 1980s are the starting point of Sunni-Shia conflicts in Pakistan. As a result of these policies, extreme sectarianism spread in this country, and the actions of politicians and soldiers severely affected Sunni and Shia unity and created many obstacles in the way of its realization. The present study, with historical method and approach, aims to investigate the political obstacles to the realization of unity in Pakistan. Knowing these obstacles can make the followers of the Islamic sect aware of the political intentions behind the scenes and divisiveness and prevent them from extreme sectarianism and lead them towards unity.The findings of the research show that there are many political obstacles in the way of realizing Islamic unity. The most important of these obstacles are: using religion as a tool for political purposes, creating sectarian identities, financial and military support from extremist groups, excessive expansion of religious schools and lack of supervision, mismanagement of Afghan immigrants.

From the point of view of the author of the book, imposing the concept of the origin of the construction of Islamic mosques and its components such as altar, pulpit, dome, minaret, etc. originates from Christianity. With giving examples for each part of the elements of mosques, he first tried to compare it with Greek-Roman and Christian temples and churches and say that it originated from there. His main goal in this book is to believe that the origin of Islamic architecture is Christianity, and to achieve this goal, the author has ignored many facts of Muslim mosques. His major goal is to highlight the performance of the main types of Islamic construction in the medieval society, which led to the creation of those buildings. Therefore, examining the content and structure of the mentioned book can solve some of the unsolved problems in it.

Trade with different lands was one of the programs that most Iranian rulers emphasized on. But no government, like the Safavid government in the 10th century AH/16th AD, could create a unique prosperity in trade with different nations. Among the Safavid kings, the reign of Shah Abbas I (995-1038 AH/1587-1629 AD) is one of the most successful commercial periods. Investigating the trade pattern of Safavid textiles is very important because that long period can reflect the structures of trade with international communities. Painters, architects, calligraphers, weavers, and metal workers worked in the art center of Isfahan. These centers helped to bring art branches closer to each other, and this was more apparent in painting and weaving fabric, so that some painters were weavers of exquisite and silk fabrics that they designed themselves. Therefore, textiles were prepared in this period, which have been praised by the world. This research is organized based on this question: How did Shah Abbas Safavi act in the trade and promotion of royal textiles? Therefore, it is assumed that due to the tourists' admiration for Safavid textiles, during the European Renaissance and the Russian Empire, there was a great desire for those textiles. This research has been done in a historical type and with a "descriptive-analytical" method, referring to library resources and museum images. Historical data has been collected and then evaluated and analyzed and finally conclusions have been made from it. The visual content and photos are selected from among the architectural decorative works and significant textiles of the Shah Abbas period, which are described and analyzed in the text.